The log test

Thinking about how the ratio and root tests work while teaching, I realized that a similar test could be devised for comparing against p-series rather than geometric series. Written how it would appear in Stewart:

Theorem. Let ∑n=1∞an be a series of positive terms. Consider limn→∞logn⁡an−1. Then:

  1. If this limit is L>1 or diverges to ∞, then the series converges;
  2. If this limit is L<1 or diverges to −∞, then the series diverges; and
  3. Otherwise the test is inconclusive.

It can be easily strengthened to:

Theorem. Let ∑n=1∞an be a series of positive terms. If the sequence logn⁡a−1 is eventually bounded below by a number L>1, then the series converges, and if the sequence is eventually bounded above by a number L<1, then the series diverges.

Examples

  1. ∑n=2∞(ln⁡n)−ln⁡n. Since logn⁡((ln⁡n)−ln⁡n)=ln⁡(ln⁡n) tends to ∞ as n→∞, the series converges.
  2. For which p does ∑n=2∞(npln⁡n)−1 converge? logn⁡(npln⁡n)=p+ln⁡(ln⁡n)ln⁡n, which tends to p as n→∞, so the series converges if p>1 and diverges if p<1. When p=1, then we may instead use the integral test.